Professional background
Professor Marc Mansour is an honorary consultant haematologist at University College London Hospital and GOSHCC Professor of Haematology, co-affiliated with the UCL Cancer Institute and GOS Institute of Child Health.
He undertook his medical degree at the University of Edinburgh, medical training at King's College London and UCLH, followed by an MRC Clinical Research Training PhDship at UCL, where he studied Notch signalling in acute leukaemia. He undertook a four year travelling fellowship at Harvard Medical School and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, USA.
He was awarded the HMS Claudia Adams Barr Innovative Research award, and was a Harvard Medical School faculty member from 2012 - 2014. He was funded through a Bennett Senior Fellowship (Blood Cancer UK) to establish his own research lab at the UCL Cancer Institute in 2014.
His research has focused on two aggressive haematological malignancies - T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
He has published extensively on the biology of acute leukaemia, authoring papers in Science, Nature, Nature Cell Biology, JCI, ELife, JCO and J Ex Med. His clinical interest is in ALL, AML and myelodysplasia (MDS).
Specialties
Research interests
Professor Mansour has a long-standing interest in the biology and genetics of T-ALL and AML, particularly on the role of non-coding DNA in oncogene dysregulation. His translational research is aimed at developing novel therapies for patients with relapsed and refractory leukaemias.
- www.ucl.ac.uk/cancer/research/department-haematology/leukaemia-biology/leukaemia-biology-research-group
- https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/18980-marc-mansour/about
Publications
- O'Brien H, Salm M, Morton LT, Szukszto M, O'Farrell F, Boulton C, King L, Bola SK, Becker PD, Craig A, Nielsen M, Samuels Y, Swanton C, Mansour MR, Hadrup SR, Quezada SA: A modular protein language modelling approach to immunogenicity prediction. PLoS Comput Biol 2024, 20:e1012511.
- Rahman S, Bloye G, Farah N, Demeulemeester J, Costa JR, O'Connor D, Pocock R, Rapoz-D'Silva T, Turna A, Wang L, Lee SW, Fielding AK, Roels J, Jaksik R, Dawidowska M, Van Vlierberghe P, Hadjur S, Hughes JR, Davies J, Gutierrez A, Kelliher M, Van Loo P, Dawson MA, Mansour MR: Focal deletions of a promoter tether activate the IRX3 oncogene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2024.
- Pocock R, Mansour MR: T-ALL and T-LBL: a notch apart. Blood 2024, 144:1356-7.
- O'Connor D, Espejo Valle-Inclan J, Conde L, Bloye G, Rahman S, Costa JR, Bartram J, Adams SP, Wright G, Elrick H, Wall K, Dyer SA, Howell CD, Jigoulina G, Herrero J, Cortes-Ciriano I, Moorman AV, Mansour MR: Non-coding mutations drive persistence of a founder pre-leukemic clone which initiates late relapse in T-ALL. Blood 2024.
- Costa JR, Mansour MR: ToTAL1y degraded - rapid dTAG proteolysis of TAL1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2023.
- Nuttall Musson E, Miller RE, Mansour MR, Lockley M, Ledermann JA, Payne EM: Monitoring clone dynamics and reversibility in clonal haematopoiesis and myelodysplastic neoplasm associated with PARP inhibitor therapy-a role for early monitoring and intervention. Leukemia 2024, 38:215-8.
- O'Brien H, Salm M, Morton L, Szukszto M, O'Farrell F, Boulton C, Becker PD, Samuels Y, Swanton C, Mansour MR, Reker Hadrup S, Quezada SA: Breaking the performance ceiling for neoantigen immunogenicity prediction. Nat Cancer 2023, 4:1618-21.
- O'Connor D, Demeulemeester J, Conde L, Kirkwood A, Fung K, Papaleonidopoulou F, Bloye G, Farah N, Rahman S, Hancock J, Bateman C, Inglott S, Mee J, Herrero J, Van Loo P, Moorman AV, Vora A, Mansour MR: The Clinicogenomic Landscape of Induction Failure in Childhood and Young Adult T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2023, 41:3545-56.
- Provez L, Putteman T, Landfors M, Roels J, Reunes L, T'Sas S, Van Loocke W, Lintermans B, De Coninck S, Thenoz M, Sleeckx W, Mackowska-Maslak N, Taghon T, Mansour MR, Farah N, Norga K, Vandenberghe P, Kotecha RS, Goossens S, Degerman S, De Smedt R, Van Vlierberghe P: Pre-Clinical Evaluation of the Hypomethylating Agent Decitabine for the Treatment of T-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023, 15.
- Maciocia PM, Wawrzyniecka PA, Maciocia NC, Burley A, Karpanasamy T, Devereaux S, Hoekx M, O'Connor D, Leon TE, Rapoz-D'Silva T, Pocock R, Rahman S, Gritti G, Yanez DC, Ross S, Crompton T, Williams O, Lee LSH, Pule M, Mansour MR: Anti-CCR9 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells for T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Blood 2022.
- Llombart V, Mansour MR: Therapeutic targeting of "undruggable" MYC. EBioMedicine 2022, 75:103756.
- He S, Zimmerman MW, Layden HM, Berezovskaya A, Etchin J, Martel MW, Thurston G, Jing CB, van Rooijen E, Kaufman CK, Rodig SJ, Zon LI, Patton EE, Mansour MR, Look AT: Synergistic melanoma cell death mediated by inhibition of both MCL1 and BCL2 in high-risk tumors driven by NF1/PTEN loss. Oncogene 2021.
- Taj MM, Moorman AV, Hamadeh L, Petit A, Asnafi V, Alby-Laurent F, Vora A, Mansour MR, Gale R, Chevret S, Moppett J, Baruchel A, Macintyre E: Prognostic value of Oncogenetic mutations in pediatric T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: a comparison of UKALL2003 and FRALLE2000T protocols. Leukemia 2021.
- Pocock R, Farah N, Richardson SE, Mansour MR: Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. British journal of haematology 2021, 194:28-43.
- Fox TA, Carpenter B, Taj M, Perisoglou M, Nicholson E, Castleton A, Elliot J, Uttenthal B, Wright C, Halsey R, Khwaja A, Grandage V, Mansour MR, Fielding AK, Hough R: Utility of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in lymphoblastic lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2020:1-6.
- Roels J, Thenoz M, Szarzynska B, Landfors M, De Coninck S, Demoen L, Provez L, Kuchmiy A, Strubbe S, Reunes L, Pieters T, Matthijssens F, Van Loocke W, Erarslan-Uysal B, Richter-Pechanska P, Declerck K, Lammens T, De Moerloose B, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Cheung LC, Kotecha RS, Mansour MR, Ghesquiere B, Van Camp G, Berghe WV, Kowalczyk JR, Szczepanski T, Dave UP, Kulozik AE, Goossens S, Curtis DJ, Taghon T, Dawidowska M, Degerman S, Van Vlierberghe P: Aging of preleukemic thymocytes drives CpG island hypermethylation in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2020, 1:274-89.
- Leong S, Inglott S, Papaleonidopoulou F, Orfinada K, Ancliff P, Bartram J, Carpenter B, Fielding AK, Ghorashian S, Grandage V, Gupta R, Hough R, Khwaja A, Pavasovic V, Rao A, Samarasinghe S, Vora A, Mansour MR, O'Connor D: CD1a is rarely expressed in pediatric or adult relapsed/refractory T-ALL: implications for immunotherapy. Blood Adv 2020, 4:4665-8.
- Wilson AJ, Troy-Barnes E, Subhan M, Clark F, Gupta R, Fielding AK, Kottaridis P, Mansour MR, O'Nions J, Payne E, Chavda N, Baker R, Thomson K, Khwaja A: Successful remission induction therapy with gilteritinib in a patient with de novo FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia and severe COVID-19. British journal of haematology 2020.
- Leon TE, Rapoz-D'Silva T, Bertoli C, Rahman S, Magnussen M, Philip B, Farah N, Richardson SE, Ahrabi S, Guerra-Assuncao JA, Gupta R, Nacheva EP, Henderson S, Herrero J, Linch DC, de Bruin RAM, Mansour MR: EZH2-Deficient T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Is Sensitized to CHK1 Inhibition through Enhanced Replication Stress. Cancer Discov 2020, 10:998-1017.
- Hockings C, Gohil S, Dowse R, Hoade Y, Mansour MR, Gale RE, Linch DC, Rao A, Payne EM: In trans early mosaic mutational escape and novel phenotypic features of germline SAMD9 mutation. British journal of haematology 2020.
- Rahman S, Mansour MR: The role of noncoding mutations in blood cancers. Dis Model Mech 2019, 12.
- Burt R, Dey A, Aref S, Aguiar M, Akarca A, Bailey K, Day W, Hooper S, Kirkwood A, Kirschner K, Lee SW, Lo Celso C, Manji J, Mansour MR, Marafioti T, Mitchell RJ, Muirhead RC, Cheuk Yan Ng K, Pospori C, Puccio I, Zuborne-Alapi K, Sahai E, Fielding AK: Activated stromal cells transfer mitochondria to rescue acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells from oxidative stress. Blood 2019, 134:1415-29.
- Armenteros-Monterroso E, Zhao L, Gasparoli L, Brooks T, Pearce K, Mansour MR, Martens JHA, de Boer J, Williams O: The AAA+ATPase RUVBL2 is essential for the oncogenic function of c-MYB in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2019.
- Gjini E, Jing CB, Nguyen AT, Reyon D, Gans E, Kesarsing M, Peterson J, Pozdnyakova O, Rodig SJ, Mansour MR, Joung K, Look AT: Disruption of asxl1 results in myeloproliferative neoplasms in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2019, 12.
- Mansour MR, He S, Li Z, Lobbardi R, Abraham BJ, Hug C, Rahman S, Leon TE, Kuang YY, Zimmerman MW, Blonquist T, Gjini E, Gutierrez A, Tang Q, Garcia-Perez L, Pike-Overzet K, Anders L, Berezovskaya A, Zhou Y, Zon LI, Neuberg D, Fielding AK, Staal FJT, Langenau DM, Sanda T, Young RA, Look AT: JDP2: An oncogenic bZIP transcription factor in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The Journal of experimental medicine 2018, 215:1929-45.
- Farah N, Kirkwood AA, Rahman S, Leon T, Jenkinson S, Gale RE, Patrick K, Hancock J, Samarasinghe S, Linch DC, Moorman AV, Goulden N, Vora A, Mansour MR: Prognostic impact of the absence of biallelic deletion at the TRG locus for pediatric patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the MRC UKALL2003 trial. Haematologica 2018.
- Lobbardi R, Pinder J, Martinez-Pastor B, Theodorou M, Blackburn JS, Abraham BJ, Namiki Y, Mansour M, Abdelfattah NS, Molodtsov A, Alexe G, Toiber D, de Waard M, Jain E, Boukhali M, Lion M, Bhere D, Shah K, Gutierrez A, Stegmaier K, Silverman LB, Sadreyev RI, Asara JM, Oettinger MA, Haas W, Look AT, Young RA, Mostoslavsky R, Dellaire G, Langenau DM: TOX regulates growth, DNA repair, and genomic instability in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2017.
- Rahman S, Magnussen M, Leon TE, Farah N, Li Z, Abraham BJ, Alapi KZ, Mitchell RJ, Naughton T, Fielding AK, Pizzey A, Bustraan S, Allen C, Popa T, Pike-Overzet K, Garcia-Perez L, Gale RE, Linch DC, Staal FJ, Young RA, Look AT, Mansour MR: Activation of the LMO2 oncogene through a somatically acquired neomorphic promoter in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017.
- Li Z, Abraham BJ, Berezovskaya A, Farah N, Liu Y, Leon T, Fielding A, Tan SH, Sanda T, Weintraub AS, Li B, Shen S, Zhang J, Mansour MR, Young RA, Look AT: APOBEC signature mutation generates an oncogenic enhancer that drives LMO1 expression in T-ALL. Leukemia 2017.
- Abraham BJ, Hnisz D, Weintraub AS, Kwiatkowski N, Li CH, Li Z, Weichert-Leahey N, Rahman S, Liu Y, Etchin J, Li B, Shen S, Lee TI, Zhang J, Look AT, Mansour MR, Young RA: Small genomic insertions form enhancers that misregulate oncogenes. Nature communications 2017, 8:14385.
- He S, Mansour MR, Zimmerman MW, Ki DH, Layden HM, Akahane K, Gjini E, de Groh ED, Perez-Atayde AR, Zhu S, Epstein JA, Look AT: Synergy between loss of NF1 and overexpression of MYCN in neuroblastoma is mediated by the GAP-related domain. eLife 2016, 5.
- Anderson NM, Li D, Peng HL, Laroche FJ, Mansour MR, Gjini E, Aioub M, Helman DJ, Roderick JE, Cheng T, Harrold I, Samaha Y, Meng L, Amsterdam A, Neuberg DS, Denton TT, Sanda T, Kelliher MA, Singh A, Look AT, Feng H: The TCA cycle transferase DLST is important for MYC-mediated leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2016, 30:1365-74.
- Mansour MR, Abraham BJ, Anders L, Berezovskaya A, Gutierrez A, Durbin AD, Etchin J, Lawton L, Sallan SE, Silverman LB, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Sanda T, Young RA, Look AT: Oncogene regulation. An oncogenic super-enhancer formed through somatic mutation of a noncoding intergenic element. Science 2014, 346:1373-7.
- Etchin J, Montero J, Berezovskaya A, Le BT, Kentsis A, Christie AL, Conway AS, Chen WC, Reed C, Mansour MR, Ng CE, Adamia S, Rodig SJ, Galinsky IA, Stone RM, Klebanov B, Landesman Y, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Kung AL, Wang JC, Letai A, Look AT: Activity of a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, selinexor (KPT-330), against AML-initiating cells engrafted into immunosuppressed NSG mice. Leukemia 2015.
- Akahane K, Sanda T, Mansour MR, Radimerski T, DeAngelo DJ, Weinstock DM, Look AT: HSP90 inhibition leads to degradation of the TYK2 kinase and apoptotic cell death in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2015.
- Lobry C, Oh P, Mansour MR, Look AT, Aifantis I: Notch signaling: switching an oncogene to a tumor suppressor. Blood 2014, 123:2451-9.
- Barcelo C, Etchin J, Mansour MR, Sanda T, Ginesta MM, Sanchez-Arevalo Lobo VJ, Real FX, Capella G, Estanyol JM, Jaumot M, Look AT, Agell N: Ribonucleoprotein HNRNPA2B1 interacts with and regulates oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Gastroenterology 2014, 147:882-92 e8.
- Li N, Fassl A, Chick J, Inuzuka H, Li X, Mansour MR, Liu L, Wang H, King B, Shaik S, Gutierrez A, Ordureau A, Otto T, Kreslavsky T, Baitsch L, Bury L, Meyer CA, Ke N, Mulry KA, Kluk MJ, Roy M, Kim S, Zhang X, Geng Y, Zagozdzon A, Jenkinson S, Gale RE, Linch DC, Zhao JJ, Mullighan CG, Harper JW, Aster JC, Aifantis I, von Boehmer H, Gygi SP, Wei W, Look AT, Sicinski P: Cyclin C is a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor. Nature cell biology 2014, 16:1080-91.
- Gjini E, Mansour MR, Sander JD, Moritz N, Nguyen AT, Kesarsing M, Gans E, He S, Chen S, Ko M, Kuang YY, Yang S, Zhou Y, Rodig S, Zon LI, Joung JK, Rao A, Look AT: A zebrafish model of myelodysplastic syndrome produced through tet2 genomic editing. Molecular and cellular biology 2015, 35:789-804.
- Anderson NM, Harrold I, Mansour MR, Sanda T, McKeown M, Nagykary N, Bradner JE, Lan Zhang G, Look AT, Feng H: BCL2-specific inhibitor ABT-199 synergizes strongly with cytarabine against the early immature LOUCY cell line but not more-differentiated T-ALL cell lines. Leukemia 2014, 28:1145-8.
- Mansour MR, Reed C, Eisenberg AR, Tseng JC, Twizere JC, Daakour S, Yoda A, Rodig SJ, Tal N, Shochat C, Berezovskaya A, DeAngelo DJ, Sallan SE, Weinstock DM, Izraeli S, Kung AL, Kentsis A, Look AT: Targeting oncogenic interleukin-7 receptor signalling with N-acetylcysteine in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. British journal of haematology 2015, 168:230-8.
- Shochat C, Tal N, Gryshkova V, Birger Y, Bandapalli OR, Cazzaniga G, Gershman N, Kulozik AE, Biondi A, Mansour MR, Twizere JC, Muckenthaler MU, Ben-Tal N, Constantinescu SN, Bercovich D, Izraeli S: Novel activating mutations lacking cysteine in type I cytokine receptors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2014, 124:106-10.
- Mansour MR, Sanda T, Lawton LN, Li X, Kreslavsky T, Novina CD, Brand M, Gutierrez A, Kelliher MA, Jamieson CH, von Boehmer H, Young RA, Look AT: The TAL1 complex targets the FBXW7 tumor suppressor by activating miR-223 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The Journal of experimental medicine 2013, 210:1545-57.
- Etchin J, Sanda T, Mansour MR, Kentsis A, Montero J, Le BT, Christie AL, McCauley D, Rodig SJ, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Stone R, Letai A, Kung AL, Thomas Look A: KPT-330 inhibitor of CRM1 (XPO1)-mediated nuclear export has selective anti-leukaemic activity in preclinical models of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia. British journal of haematology 2013, 161:117-27.
- Shepherd C, Banerjee L, Cheung CW, Mansour MR, Jenkinson S, Gale RE, Khwaja A: PI3K/mTOR inhibition upregulates NOTCH-MYC signalling leading to an impaired cytotoxic response. Leukemia 2013, 27:650-60.
- Etchin J, Sun Q, Kentsis A, Farmer A, Zhang ZC, Sanda T, Mansour MR, Barcelo C, McCauley D, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Christie AL, Kung AL, Rodig SJ, Chook YM, Look AT: Antileukemic activity of nuclear export inhibitors that spare normal hematopoietic cells. Leukemia : official journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK 2012.
- Jenkinson S, Koo K, Mansour MR, Goulden N, Vora A, Mitchell C, Wade R, Richards S, Hancock J, Moorman AV, Linch DC, Gale RE: Impact of NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutations on outcome in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients treated on the MRC UKALL 2003 trial. Leukemia : official journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK 2012.
- Mansour MR, Look AT: Discovery of a secreted tumor suppressor provides a promising therapeutic strategy for follicular lymphoma. Cancer cell 2011, 20:559-61.
- Gutierrez A, Grebliunaite R, Feng H, Kozakewich E, Zhu S, Guo F, Payne E, Mansour M, Dahlberg SE, Neuberg DS, den Hertog J, Prochownik EV, Testa JR, Harris M, Kanki JP, Look AT: Pten mediates Myc oncogene dependence in a conditional zebrafish model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The Journal of experimental medicine 2011, 208:1595-603.
- Mansour MR, Sulis ML, Duke V, Foroni L, Jenkinson S, Koo K, Allen CG, Gale RE, Buck G, Richards S, Paietta E, Rowe JM, Tallman MS, Goldstone AH, Ferrando AA, Linch DC: Prognostic implications of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 mutations in adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the MRC UKALLXII/ECOG E2993 protocol. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4352-6.
- Tosello V, Mansour MR, Barnes K, Paganin M, Sulis ML, Jenkinson S, Allen CG, Gale RE, Linch DC, Palomero T, Real P, Murty V, Yao X, Richards SM, Goldstone A, Rowe J, Basso G, Wiernik PH, Paietta E, Pieters R, Horstmann M, Meijerink JP, Ferrando AA: WT1 mutations in T-ALL. Blood 2009, 114:1038-45.
- Marks DI, Paietta EM, Moorman AV, Richards SM, Buck G, DeWald G, Ferrando A, Fielding AK, Goldstone AH, Ketterling RP, Litzow MR, Luger SM, McMillan AK, Mansour MR, Rowe JM, Tallman MS, Lazarus HM: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: clinical features, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and outcome from the large randomized prospective trial (UKALL XII/ECOG 2993). Blood 2009, 114:5136-45.
- Howe SJ, Mansour MR, Schwarzwaelder K, Bartholomae C, Hubank M, Kempski H, Brugman MH, Pike-Overzet K, Chatters SJ, de RD, Gilmour KC, Adams S, Thornhill SI, Parsley KL, Staal FJ, Gale RE, Linch DC, Bayford J, Brown L, Quaye M, Kinnon C, Ancliff P, Webb DK, Schmidt M, von KC, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ: Insertional mutagenesis combined with acquired somatic mutations causes leukemogenesis following gene therapy of SCID-X1 patients. JClinInvest 2008, 118:3143-50.
- Gordon WR, Roy M, Vardar-Ulu D, Garfinkel M, Mansour MR, Aster JC, Blacklow SC: Structure of the Notch1-negative regulatory region: implications for normal activation and pathogenic signaling in T-ALL. Blood 2009, 113:4381-90.
- Mansour MR: Oncogenic Kras and Notch-1 cooperate in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Expert Rev Hematol 2009, 2:133-6.
- [Mansour MR, Duke V, Foroni L, Patel B, Allen CG, Ancliff PJ, Gale RE, Linch DC: Notch-1 mutations are secondary events in some patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ClinCancer Res 2007, 13:6964-9.
- Maser RS, Choudhury B, Campbell PJ, Feng B, Wong KK, Protopopov A, O'Neil J, Gutierrez A, Ivanova E, Perna I, Lin E, Mani V, Jiang S, McNamara K, Zaghlul S, Edkins S, Stevens C, Brennan C, Martin ES, Wiedemeyer R, Kabbarah O, Nogueira C, Histen G, Aster J, Mansour M, Duke V, Foroni L, Fielding AK, Goldstone AH, Rowe JM, Wang YA, Look AT, Stratton MR, Chin L, Futreal PA, DePinho RA: Chromosomally unstable mouse tumours have genomic alterations similar to diverse human cancers. Nature 2007, 447:966-71.
- Mansour MR, Linch DC, Foroni L, Goldstone AH, Gale RE: High incidence of Notch-1 mutations in adult patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2006, 20:537-9.
- Direkze S, Mansour M, Rodriguez-Justo M, Kibbler C, Gant V, Peggs KS: Candida kefyr fungal enteritis following autologous BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012, 47:465-6.
- Mansour MR, Dogan A, Morris EC, Khwaja A, Linch DC, Mackinnon S, Peggs KS: Allogeneic transplantation for hepatosplenic alphabeta T-cell lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005, 35:931-4.